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The lunisolar year
In the Hebrew and Biblical lunisolar calendar, years have 12 lunar months of 29 or 30 days. Here are the months of the Hebrew and Biblical calendar to facilitate understanding of the (very technical) explanations that follow:
The biblical Hebrew lunisolar calendar
First month: Nisan or Abib(in the Bible) (March-April)(30 days)
Second month: Iyyar or Ziv(in the Bible) (April-May)(29 days)
Third month: Sivan(May-June)(30 days)
Fourth month: Tammuz(June-July)(29 days)
Fifth month: Ab(July-August)(30 days)
Sixth month: Eloul(August-September)(29 days)
Seventh month: Tishri or Ethanim(in the Bible)(September-October) (30 days)
Eighth month: Hesvan or Bul(in the Bible) (October-November)(29 or 30 days)
Ninth month: Chislev(November-December)(29 or 30 days)
Tenth month: Tebeth(December-January)(29 days)
Eleventh month: Shebat(January-February)(30 days)
Twelfth month: Adar(February-March)(29 or 30 days)
Thirteenth month: Adar II or Veadar (29 days)
In the Hebrew lunisolar calendar, an intercalary month is regularly added to compensate for the 11-day difference between the lunar year (354 days) and the solar year (365 days). In this case, this year exceptionally has 13 months; it is a « lunisolar » year.
In the Bible there is no direct mention of the regular addition of this intercalary month in order to adjust the lunisolar calendar to the solar year. However, indirect evidence shows that this was indeed the case. For example, certain months regularly coincided with seasonal harvests, either spring (Abib (Nisan) and Sivan: spring) or autumn (Ethanim (Tishri): autumn) (Exodus 23:15). It is evident that the Israelites of biblical times made this adjustment by the addition of the intercalary month (Veadar (or Adar II)). The festivals celebrated in the spring months remained spring throughout the years. And all the autumn festivals of the month of Tishri remained autumnal throughout the years (Leviticus 23:37).
Currently, the adjustment system used by the Hebrew calendar is made according to a Metonic cycle, which is a series of 7 adjustments over a period of 19 years (7 lunisolar years of 13 months), in order to synchronize the lunar years of 354 days, with the solar year of 365 days, over a period of 19 years. The thirteenth month is added in the 3rd year, the 6th year, the 8th year, the 11th year, the 14th year, the 17th year and the 19th year. This system, although reliable, is completely empirical. So where is the problem?
Lunar cycles require adjustments based on observation. However, during these seven periods mentioned above, there is no verification to see if there is a shift from one year to the next, in order to know if it would be necessary to adjust the year which would be (on a biblical basis) lunisolar.
The Metonic empirical system is based on the need for a good adjustment of lunar years to solar years by the regular addition of the intercalary month and in this sense, it is completely reliable. It is an astronomical adjustment system which main objective is the synchronicity of the lunisolar calendar to the solar year (this is not a spiritual or timeless purpose). This explains why there is no verification by observation, because if there were to be a shift, it would be compensated the following year, within the same cycle (there will be examples to illustrate this abstract idea). Why should this be important?
The book of Ezekiel mentions that the year in which the Great Tribulation will occur should be lunisolar, with 13 months, according to the Jewish calendar. Therefore, it is necessary to check by comparison, to the nearest year, to know which is the correct lunisolar year. In doing so, it is appropriate not to rely on the empiricism of the Metonic system, which could be a year behind, but rather to check year by year, whether, for example, the years 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028 would possibly be lunisolar years (It will be explained later why these four years are mentioned). Moreover, incidentally, the Metonic system has existed only since the 6th century BC, which means that patriarchs such as Noah, Abraham, Moses and so on under the administration of judges and kings in Israel, and up until the exile in Babylon, this empirical lunisolar system did not exist.
The Great Tribulation and the Thirteen-Month Year
Returning to the prophecy of Ezekiel chapters 38 and 39, we have the prophetic account of events before, during, and after the Great Tribulation. It is written that there will be a seven-month period of cleansing the Earth after the Great Tribulation: « The house of Israel will spend seven months burying them in order to cleanse the land » (Ezekiel 39:12-14). How would this simple information make us understand that it would be a lunisolar year of 13 months?
According to Revelation 11:19 the great tribulation will take place on the 10th of Tishri (Ethanim). Ezekiel chapters 38 and 39 also give the prophetic account of the Day of Jehovah or the great tribulation. Then, at the end of the seven months, mentioned in Ezekiel 39:12-14, it is written that the prophet had the vision of the Temple which represents the rule of the Kingdom of God on earth, on the 10th of Abib (Nisan): “In the 25th year of our exile, at the beginning of the year, on the tenth day of the month, in the 14th year after the city had fallen, on that very day the hand of Jehovah was upon me, and he took me to the city » (Ezekiel 40:1; the expression “beginning of the year” refers to the month of Abib (Nisan) because after the Exodus Jehovah God had decreed that this month would be the first of the year, while the month of Ethanim (Tishri) would be the seventh month (read Exodus 13:4-6)).
The simple cross-referencing of the information of the 7-month period with the fact that from Ethanim (Tishri), 10 (seventh month) to Abib (Nisan), 10 (first month) there are normally only 6 months, suggests that there will be the addition of the intercalary month Veadar (Adar II) (between the months of Adar and Nisan). This allows us to understand that the year in which the Day of Jehovah, the Great Tribulation, will occur should be luni-solar, of 13 months.
How was the addition of an extra month to be decided?
There is no direct indication in the Bible. To obtain a reliable answer, one must proceed by deduction. The fact that Ezekiel’s prophecy mentions that the addition of the intercalary month will take place before the month of Abib (Nisan), the beginning of the year, means that the adjustment must be made (and is made) based on the autumnal equinox (and not on the spring equinox). This deduction is supported by the expressions « the end of the year » and « the turn of the year », which took place during the seventh month of Ethanim (Tishri) at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn (Exodus 23:16; 34:22; Zechariah 14:8).
The adjustment was made with the autumn equinox, on September 22/23 (according to the solar calendar). At the time of the patriarchs, solar calendars were not used, therefore, it was an equinox observed, with natural landmarks or from constructions, in order to measure the length of days and nights or even knowing very precisely where East and West were.
It is likely that the benchmark date for the autumnal equinox according to the Jewish calendar would have been in the period between Ethanim, 1 and Ethanim, 15, to add the intercalary month, the following spring. Based on the information in the book of Exodus, Jehovah God required Ethanim (Tishri), 1 to be a special day, and then designated Ethanim (Tishri), 15 as the exit of the year or turning of the year. Thus, we have two important dates. The decision would normally have been based on the day of the observed autumnal equinox. If the autumnal equinox was between the 1st and the 15th of Ethanim, that is, the date of the of Ethanim (Tishri), 1, was before the observed autumnal equinox, then in the following spring there had to be the addition of the intercalary month Veadar, before the month of Abib (Nisan). If the 1st of Ethanim were to be after the day of the observed autumnal equinox, not being between the period of the 1st and the 15th of Ethanim (Tishri), then there was no need to add an intercalary month (in the following spring).
Let’s take an example: in 2022, the 1st of Tishri was September 26, 2022. The date was after the equinox (September 23), therefore there was logically no addition of the intercalary month in the spring of 2023. Around the fall of 2023, the 1st of Tishri corresponded to September 16 (the date was before the equinox (September 23)), therefore there was the addition of the thirteenth month, in the spring of 2024. So far, everything seems simple and logical.
However, in the two examples that follow, we will observe the (abnormal) one-year delay, which is caused by the empiricism of the Metonic system (without year-by-year verification).
Let’s take an example of the first (abnormal) shift that preceded the year 2022, still from the Chiourim calendar (French edition): the year 2019, the 1st of Tishri (Ethanim) of the lunar year, corresponded to September 30, 2019 of the solar year (the date was after that of the equinox, September 22/23, 2019), there was logically no addition of the intercalary month in the following spring. The following year, 2020, the 1st of Tishri corresponded to September 19, 2020 (the date of the 1st of Tishri was before that of the autumn equinox), and the intercalary month was not added in the spring of 2021, whereas it should have been added in the following spring. The following year, 2021, the 1st of Tishri corresponded to September 7, 2021 (inevitably, the date was well before that of the autumn equinox), therefore, in the spring of 2022 there was logically the addition of the thirteenth month (Adar II), which represented an (abnormal) shift of one year late. In this first example of (abnormal) shift, the lunisolar year should have been the year 2020/2021, and not that of 2021/2022 (according to the Metonic system).
The first observation is that generally (not always) the Metonic system has an (abnormal) shift of one year of delay concerning the exact lunisolar year (which is compensated the following year). This compensation from one year to the next does not alter in any way the Metonic system, in its astronomical purpose of synchronicity of the lunisolar calendar, with the solar calendar. However, it is sometimes inaccurate in certain years, which could lead to error, on the exact determination of a lunisolar year, of 13 months.
The second example, this time, from the years 2024 (autumn) to 2029 (spring). During this period of four and a half years, there should be only one lunisolar year according to the Chiourim calendar which empirically (or automatically) applies the Metonic system: it is the year 2026/2027 (from autumn to autumn). However, the observation is that there is, as in the first example, a shift repeated twice which highlights this famous year of delay of the lunisolar year of the Metonic cycle: in 2025, the 1st of Tishri will correspond exactly to the date of the autumn equinox, September 22/23, 2025. And if we apply the astronomical new moon, this date will be before the date of the autumn equinox (the 1st of Tishri would correspond to September 21/22, 2025 (the astronomical new moon occurs between these two evenings in Jerusalem (at 10:54 pm UTC+3)). This means that the year 2025/2026 should normally be lunisolar, whereas it is not mentioned as such, according to the empirical (automatic) Metonic system (and the Chiourim calendar).
Let’s continue further, until the year 2028 (in autumn): the 1st of Tishri 2028 will correspond to September 21, 2028 (September 18/19 according to the astronomical new moon (occurring between these two evenings in Jerusalem)), the date will be before that of the autumn equinox, but in the spring of 2029, there will not be the addition of the extra month of Adar II (whereas it should be). This means that the year 2028/2029 should also be lunisolar. These two examples are related (or compared) to the year 2023/2024, where Tishri, 1, was before the autumn equinox (like this last example) and in 2024 there was Adar II (while in spring 2029, Adar II is not there in the Metonic system (it is another one-year delay)).
Therefore, both 2025/2026 and 2028/2029 should be lunisolar. If nothing happens on Ethanim (Tishri), 10, 2025, then 2026/2027 could be a possible lunisolar year. This means, to summarize, that the date of Ethanim (Tishri), 10, 2025, Ethanim, 10, 2026 (if nothing happens in 2025) or Ethanim, 10, 2028 (if nothing happens in 2026 and 2027 (non-lunisolar years)), are lunisolar year dates.
Therefore, the estimates of the date are changing. The year 2025/2026 is worth watching because it should be lunisolar:
Ethanim (Tishri), 10, 2025:
September 30, 2025/October 1, 2025
(Astronomical new moon)
October 1/2, 2025
(Religious new moon)
If nothing happens in 2025, then the year 2026/2027 is worth watching because it is (potentially) lunisolar:
Ethanim (Tishri), 10, 2026:
September 19/20, 2026
(Astronomical new moon)
September 20/21, 2028
(Religious new moon)
If nothing happens in 2026, then it is the year 2028/2029, which is worth watching because it is logically lunisolar:
Ethanim (Tishri), 10, 2028:
September 27/28, 2028
(Astronomical new moon)
September 28/29, 2028
(Religious new moon)
What about the year 2027/2028? It is not lunisolar, however, as Jesus Christ said, regarding the knowledge of the day and the hour there is no certainty, therefore, it will be appropriate to remain spiritually vigilant (Revelation 3:3). Here are the dates for the year 2027/2028: Ethanim (Tishri), 10, 2027: October 9/10, 2027 (Astronomical new moon). October 10/11, 2027 (Religious new moon).
However, in the study of the Metonic cycles and lunisolar years, the observation is the following: there is a 1-year gap and delay between the empirical Metonic system and the year-by-year verification, based on the autumnal equinox (see the detailed explanations above). The observation is the following: based on this year-by-year verification, the year 2025/2026 (autumn to autumn), should be lunisolar, but in the Metonic system applied by the classical Jewish calendars, it is not. This is the reason why the date of Tishri 10, 2025, was included in the chronological calculations. According to the classical Jewish calendars, the year 2026/2027 is considered lunisolar (with a one-year delay). This is why the date of Tishri 10, 2026, was included in the chronological calculations. Finally, in classical Jewish calendars, which empirically apply the Metonic system, the next lunisolar year will be 2029/2030. However, based on the date of the autumnal equinox, it should rather be the year 2028/2029 (fall to fall), which should logically be lunisolar. This is why the date of 10 Tishri, 2028, was included in the chronological calculations.
Ultimately, the year 2028 offers the most reliable option, with its two perfect correspondences with the 2300 evenings and mornings and the 1335 days, and furthermore, it is not shifted (unlike the dates of the lunisolar years 2026 and 2029):
September 27/28, 2028
Of course, the dates of the Tishri, 10, of previous years will be monitored. As Jesus Christ said, regarding the knowledge of the day and the hour there is no certainty. Therefore, it is appropriate to remain constantly spiritually vigilant (Revelation 3:3). The presentation of the chronological studies of the 2300 evenings and mornings, as well as the 1335 days, are part of the expression of this vigilance and it is an encouragement to remain so until the end: « But the one who has endured to the end will be saved » (Matthew 24:13). Further explanations will be given later, concerning the 1260, 1290 and 1335 days of Daniel’s prophecy, taking into account the current events (Daniel 12).
Why should these years between fall 2025 and fall 2028
be particularly important?
This period is linked to the mandate of the one who could well represent the last king mentioned in Daniel’s prophecy: « And in the final part of their kingdom, as the transgressors act to a completion, a fierce-looking king who understands ambiguous sayings will stand up. 24 His power will become great, but not through his own power. He will bring ruin in an extraordinary way, and he will be successful and act effectively. He will bring mighty ones to ruin, also the people made up of the holy ones. 25 And by his cunning he will use deception to succeed; and in his heart he will exalt himself; and during a time of security he will bring many to ruin. He will even stand up against the Prince of princes, but he will be broken without human hand » (Daniel 8:23-25).
The term of office of the one who could be the last king of the last world power is from January 2025 to January 2029. During this period, there are potentially three lunisolar years (mentioned above), one of which could correspond to the year of the Day of Jehovah, the date of the Great Tribulation, a certain Tishri (Ethanim), 10. For more information on the fulfillment of this prophecy of Daniel, please click on the link on the following page entitled:
THE LAST KING (click on the link below to access the study article):
The Prophecy of the Book of Daniel – The Last Hard-Faced King (Daniel 8:23-25)
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Table of contents of the http://yomelyah.fr/ website
Reading the Bible daily, this table of contents contains informative Bible articles (Please click on the link above to view it)…
Table of languages of more than seventy languages, with six important biblical articles, written in each of these languages…
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